Calgary

City of Calgary

Country	Canada
Province	Alberta
Region	Calgary Metropolitan Region

Calgary is one of Canada's most dynamic and vibrant cities, situated in the southwestern province of Alberta. Known for its stunning natural backdrop with the nearby Rocky Mountains, thriving energy sector, and rich cultural diversity, Calgary offers a unique blend of urban sophistication and outdoor adventure. With approximately 1.3 million residents, Calgary is Alberta's largest city and the third-largest municipality in Canada by population, serving as a significant economic and cultural hub in Western Canada. The broader Calgary Metropolitan Area encompasses over 1.4 million people.

The city's strategic location at the confluence of the Bow and Elbow Rivers, approximately 80 kilometers east of the Canadian Rockies, has positioned it as a crucial transportation and business center. Calgary's influence extends far beyond its municipal boundaries, with the metropolitan region including three cities (Calgary, Airdrie, and Chestermere), seven towns (Cochrane, Crossfield, Diamond Valley, High River, Irricana, Okotoks, and Strathmore), two villages (Beiseker and Longview), and two First Nations communities (Tsuu T'ina 145 and Eden Valley 216).

Etymology and Early History

The name "Calgary" originates from the Gaelic words "Cala ghearraidh," meaning "beach meadow," or potentially from the Old Norse "Kolgár," meaning "cold river." Colonel James Macleod of the North-West Mounted Police first applied this name in 1876, honoring Calgary Bay on the Isle of Mull, Scotland.

Indigenous Heritage

The Calgary region has been inhabited by Indigenous peoples for over 12,000 years. Archaeological evidence reveals successive cultures, the most recent being the Blackfoot Confederacy (consisting of Siksika, Kainai, and Piikani nations), along with the Tsuu T'ina Nation and Stoney Nakoda First Nation. These groups established sophisticated societies centered around hunting, fishing, and trading along the Bow River system. Archaeological sites throughout the region, including tipi rings, medicine wheels, and pictographs, demonstrate over 4,000 years of continuous Indigenous presence.

European Settlement and Fur Trade

The fur trade's westward expansion brought the first Europeans to the area in the late 18th century. Notable figures included David Thompson of the North West Company, who wintered near Calgary in 1787, and Peter Fidler, who traveled through the region in 1792. The arrival of American bison hunters and illicit whisky traders in the 1860s, who established fortified posts throughout southern Alberta, eventually prompted the federal government to establish the North-West Mounted Police in 1873.

Fort Calgary and Municipal Incorporation

In 1875, the North-West Mounted Police established Fort Calgary at the confluence of the Bow and Elbow Rivers to maintain law and order, particularly in response to the whisky trade. This strategic military outpost laid the foundation for the modern city. Calgary was incorporated as a town in 1884 following the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1883, which transformed the settlement into a crucial transportation hub. The community achieved city status in 1894.

20th Century Development and Oil Discovery

The Turner Valley Breakthrough

While the 1947 Leduc oil discovery is often cited as the beginning of Alberta's oil industry, Calgary's energy heritage traces back to 1914 with the discovery of the Dingman No. 1 well in Turner Valley. This groundbreaking find marked the beginning of Western Canada's first commercial oilfield and established Calgary as the headquarters of the Canadian oil industry. The discovery created such excitement that police were needed to control volatile crowds of investors, and the Calgary Herald declared the city "oil crazy".

Post-War Expansion

The discovery of oil at the Leduc field in 1947 marked another watershed moment. Alberta's first oil refinery opened in Calgary in 1923, followed by significant discoveries at Turner Valley in 1924 and 1936 that cemented Calgary's prominence in the energy sector. By 1942, Turner Valley produced 95% of all oil in Canada, and the region's proximity to Calgary brought oil companies, workers, and investors to the city in unprecedented numbers.

These energy discoveries fundamentally transformed Calgary from a regional agricultural center into an international energy capital, attracting corporate headquarters, skilled workers, and substantial investment that continues to define the city's character today.

Geography and Climate

Calgary covers approximately 825 square kilometers and is about 1,042 meters above sea level. Its humid continental climate is characterized by cold, snowy winters and warm, relatively dry summers. A distinctive feature of Calgary's climate is the Chinook winds, which can dramatically raise winter temperatures and provide relief from cold spells.

The Bow River, flowing from west to south, and the Elbow River, flowing northward until it converges with the Bow near downtown, define much of the city's geography. Additional waterways include Nose Creek, flowing from the northwest, and Fish Creek from the southwest, both joining the Bow River system.

Comprehensive Neighbourhood Directory

Calgary is composed of 212 official communities, referred to by the municipal government as "communities," plus 42 industrial areas as of 2019. The city is organized into eight districts and four traditional quadrants, each offering distinct characteristics and amenities.

Centre City Communities

The Centre City encompasses Downtown Calgary and adjacent neighbourhoods, forming the urban core:

Downtown Neighbourhoods:

1. Downtown Commercial Core
2. Downtown East Village
3. Downtown West End

Adjacent Centre City Communities:

1. Beltline (including Connaught and Victoria Park)
2. Chinatown
3. Eau Claire

Complete Neighbourhood Listing by Quadrant

Northeast Calgary Communities:

Abbeydale, Applewood Park, Castleridge, Cityscape, Coral Springs, Country Hills Village, Coventry Hills, Falconridge, Harvest Hills, Hidden Valley, Horizon, Marlborough, Marlborough Park, Martindale, Monterey Park, Pineridge, Redstone, Rundle, Saddle Ridge, Skyview Ranch, Taradale, Temple, Vista Heights, Whitehorn

Northwest Calgary Communities:

Ambleton, Arbour Lake, Beacon Heights, Bowness, Brentwood, Cambrian Heights, Capitol Hill, Charleswood, Citadel, Collingwood, Country Hills, Dalhousie, Edgemont, Evanston, Glacier Ridge, Greenwood/Greenbriar, Hamptons, Hawkwood, Highland Park, Hillhurst, Hounsfield Heights/Briar Hill, Huntington Hills, Kincora, MacEwan Glen, Montgomery, Nolan Hill, North Haven, Panorama Hills, Ranchlands, Rocky Ridge, Royal Oak, Sage Hill, Sandstone Valley, Scenic Acres, Sherwood, Silver Springs, St. Andrews Heights, Sunnyside, Thorncliffe, Tuscany, University District, University Heights, University of Calgary, Valley Ridge, Varsity, West Hillhurst

Southeast Calgary Communities:

Albert Park/Radisson Heights, Auburn Bay, Chaparral, Copperfield, Cranston, Diamond Cove, Douglasdale/Glen, Dover, Erin Woods, Forest Heights, Forest Lawn, Inglewood, Lake Bonavista, Legacy, McKenzie Lake, McKenzie Towne, Maple Ridge, Midnapore, New Brighton, Ogden, Parkland, Penbrooke Meadows, Queensland, Red Carpet, Riverbend, Seton, Silverado, Southview, Sundance, Walden, Willow Park

Southwest Calgary Communities:

Acadia, Altadore, Aspen Woods, Bankview, Bayview, Bel-Aire, Braeside, Britannia, Canyon Meadows, Cedarbrae, Chinook Park, Christie Park, Cliff Bungalow, Coach Hill, Cougar Ridge, Currie Barracks, Deer Ridge, Deer Run, Discovery Ridge, Eagle Ridge, Elbow Park, Elboya, Erlton, Evergreen, Fairview, Garrison Green, Garrison Woods, Glamorgan, Glenbrook, Glendale, Haysboro, Kelvin Grove, Killarney/Glengarry, Kingsland, Lakeview, Lincoln Park, Lower Mount Royal, Mayfair, Meadowlark Park, Millrise, Mission, North Glenmore Park, Oakridge, Palliser, Patterson, Pump Hill, Richmond, Rideau Park, Rosscarrock, Roxboro, Rutland Park, Scarboro, Shaganappi, Shawnee Slopes, Shawnessy, Signal Hill, Somerset, South Calgary, Southwood, Springbank Hill, Spruce Cliff, Strathcona Park, Sunalta, Upper Mount Royal, West Springs, Westgate, Wildwood, Windsor Park, Woodbine, Woodlands

Notable Sub-Communities

Several areas exist as distinct entities within larger communities, including Kensington (within Hillhurst), East Inglewood, Quarry Park (within Douglasdale/Glen), and Saddletowne (within Saddle Ridge).

Business Improvement Areas

Calgary's 15 Business Improvement Areas create distinct commercial districts with specialized programming and promotion:

17th Avenue Retail & Entertainment District, 4th Street Southwest BIA, Beltline BIA, Bridgeland BIA, Calgary Downtown Association, Chinatown BIA, Crescent Heights Village BIA, Greenview Industrial BIA, Inglewood BIA, International Avenue BIA, Kensington BIA, Mainstreet Bowness BIA, Marda Loop BIA, Montgomery on the Bow BIA, and Victoria Park BIA.

Demographics and Diversity

Calgary's population of approximately 1.3 million makes it Canada's third-largest city. The metropolitan area encompasses 1.4 million residents, making it Canada's fifth-largest metropolitan area. The city is remarkably diverse, with significant immigrant populations from Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. While English remains the dominant language, growing communities speak Punjabi, Tagalog, Mandarin, and Spanish.

The city's religious landscape reflects its multicultural character. It hosts various Christian denominations alongside Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism, and other faith traditions. This diversity is celebrated through numerous cultural festivals and community organizations throughout the year.

Economic Transformation and Diversification

Energy Sector Foundation

Calgary remains internationally recognized as the heart of Canada's oil and gas industry, hosting the headquarters of major energy companies, including Suncor Energy and Canadian Natural Resources, and numerous others. The energy sector continues to drive significant economic activity and employment while also fostering innovation in clean technology and digital transformation.

Technology and Innovation Boom

Calgary has emerged as one of North America's fastest-growing technology hubs. According to LinkedIn data from 2022, Calgary had the fastest growth of tech talent in North America. Calgary's tech employment grew 78% from 2018-2023, representing the fastest tech job growth in North America. The total number of tech companies in the city has increased by 94% compared to five years ago.

Key technology sectors include:

1. Financial Technology (Fintech)
2. Clean Technology (Cleantech)
3. Agricultural Technology (Agtech)
4. Aerospace and Advanced Manufacturing
5. Quantum Technology

Calgary companies are leading an estimated $20 billion in digital transformation spending across Alberta from 2021 to 2024. The city has become home to five privately-owned start-ups valued at over $1 billion each, with companies like Neo Financial recently raising $360 million in funding.

Financial Services and Corporate Headquarters

Calgary hosts Canada's second-largest concentration of corporate headquarters among the country's 800 largest corporations1. The city's financial services sector continues to expand, supported by major banks, investment firms, and emerging fintech companies.

Agriculture and Transportation

The surrounding agricultural region provides diverse products, while Calgary's position as a transportation hub facilitates trade across Western Canada. Calgary International Airport serves as the fourth busiest airport in Canada, connecting the region to global markets.

Education and Research Excellence

Primary and Secondary Education

Calgary's education system includes the Calgary Board of Education (public system) and Calgary Catholic School District (separate system), along with numerous private and charter schools serving diverse educational philosophies and cultural communities.

Higher Education Institutions

• University of Calgary: A leading research university offering comprehensive undergraduate and graduate programs across multiple faculties, known for particular strength in engineering, medicine, business, and energy research.
• Mount Royal University: A primarily undergraduate institution renowned for applied and professional programs, offering degree and diploma programs with strong industry connections.
• Southern Alberta Institute of Technology (SAIT): A polytechnic institution providing vocational and technical training, recently receiving a $30 million donation to establish a new school focused on digital education and technology innovation.
• SAIT Polytechnic also houses the new Wave Tech Centre, opened in October 2024 to foster technological innovation and enhance public services.

Cultural Vibrancy and Festivals

Annual Celebrations

Calgary hosts an extensive calendar of cultural events celebrating its diversity and heritage:

• Calgary Stampede (July): The world-famous "Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth" features rodeo competitions, chuckwagon races, midway attractions, and live entertainment.
• Calgary Folk Music Festival (July): Held at Prince's Island Park, this festival showcases folk, roots, and world music.
• Calgary International Film Festival (September/October): Featuring international and Canadian cinema.
• Calgary Culture Days (September): A month-long celebration showcasing the city's arts and cultural diversity, running from September 1-30 annually since 2014.
• Afrikadey! Festival (August): Celebrating African culture through music, dance, food, and arts.
• Carifest (August): A vibrant celebration of Caribbean culture featuring parades, music, and cuisine.
• Family Day Festival & Powwow (June): This event honors Indigenous heritage through traditional dance, music, and cultural activities.

Arts and Performance

Calgary's cultural institutions include the Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra, Alberta Ballet, Theatre Calgary, and numerous galleries, including the Glenbow Museum. The city's Arts Commons serves as a major cultural hub, hosting year-round programming.

The city supports a thriving visual arts scene with numerous galleries, public art installations, and the annual Plus 15 Pop-up Gallery showcasing local artists.

Culinary Diversity

Calgary's restaurant scene reflects its multicultural population, offering cuisine from around the world alongside traditional Canadian fare. The city's food festivals, including Taste of Italy and Mexifest, celebrate this culinary diversity.

Landmarks and Attractions

• Calgary Tower: An iconic 191-meter observation tower providing panoramic views of the city and Rocky Mountains.
• Fort Calgary: The historic site of the original North-West Mounted Police fort, now a museum and cultural center.
• Stephen Avenue: A pedestrian-friendly street in the downtown core featuring shops, restaurants, and heritage buildings.
• Prince's Island Park: A 20-hectare urban park hosting numerous festivals and outdoor events year-round.
• The Bow: A striking 58-story skyscraper that ranks among Canada's tallest buildings.
• Heritage Park Historical Village: One of Canada's largest living history museums.
• Canada Olympic Park: The legacy site of the 1988 Winter Olympics, now a year-round recreation facility.

Sports and Recreation

Professional Sports Teams

• Calgary Flames: National Hockey League (NHL) team playing at the Scotiabank Saddledome.
• Calgary Stampeders: Canadian Football League (CFL) team competing at McMahon Stadium.
• Calgary Roughnecks: National Lacrosse League (NLL) team.

Recreational Opportunities

Calgary's extensive pathway system includes over 1,000 kilometers of multi-use trails connecting neighborhoods and natural areas. The city's proximity to the Rocky Mountains provides world-class skiing, hiking, and outdoor recreation within an hour's drive.

The Bow River pathway system offers cycling, jogging, and walking routes through the urban core, while numerous community centers and recreational facilities serve all neighborhoods.

Government and Civic Organization

Calgary operates under a mayor-council form of government, with a city council responsible for local bylaws and municipal services. The city is divided into 14 electoral wards as of 2021, each represented by a councillor. Calgary is represented federally in the Canadian Parliament and provincially in the Alberta Legislature through multiple electoral districts.

Transportation Infrastructure

Public Transportation

Calgary Transit operates an extensive network, including:

1. CTrain Light Rail System: Four LRT lines (Red, Blue, Green, and Yellow) connecting suburban communities to downtown
2. Comprehensive Bus Network: Serving all neighborhoods with regular and express routes
3. BRT (Bus Rapid Transit): Dedicated bus lanes on major corridors

Air Transportation

Calgary International Airport (YYC) serves as the primary air transportation hub, offering domestic and international flights and ranking as Canada's fourth busiest airport.

Road Network

Major highways include:

1. Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 1): East-west corridor
2. Deerfoot Trail (Highway 2): North-south corridor
3. Crowchild Trail: Major north-south route through the city
4. Glenmore Trail: East-west route south of downtown

Active Transportation

Calgary maintains an extensive network of bike lanes, multi-use pathways, and pedestrian-friendly infrastructure, supporting sustainable transportation options throughout the city.

Regional Context and Metropolitan Area

Calgary Census Metropolitan Area (CMA)

The Calgary CMA, as defined by Statistics Canada, includes nine municipalities with a total population of approximately 1.4 million residents:

• Cities: Calgary, Airdrie, Chestermere
• Municipal District: Rocky View County (including Langdon hamlet)
• Towns: Cochrane, Crossfield, Irricana
• Village: Beiseker
• First Nations Reserve: Tsuu T'ina Nation 145

Calgary Metropolitan Region (CMR)

The broader Calgary Metropolitan Region, established by the Calgary Metropolitan Region Board in 2017, encompasses additional municipalities:

• Additional Towns: Diamond Valley, High River, Okotoks, Strathmore
• Additional Villages: Longview
• Additional First Nations Community: Eden Valley 216
• Municipal Districts: Foothills County, portions of Wheatland County

Surrounding Communities

Major Cities and Towns:

1. Airdrie (Population: 74,410): Located 25 minutes north of Calgary, known for rapid growth and family-friendly amenities
2. Chestermere (Population: 21,425): Lakeside community 25 minutes east, featuring water recreation and waterfront housing
3. Cochrane (Population: 34,467): Historic town 30 minutes northwest, popular for day trips and outdoor activities
4. Okotoks (Population: 30,405): Charming town 35 minutes south, featuring the famous Big Rock glacial erratic
5. High River (Population: 14,324): Agricultural community 50 minutes south, known as the filming location for the TV series "Heartland"
6. Strathmore (Population: 14,339): Prairie town 45 minutes east, offering affordable living options

Smaller Communities:

1. Beiseker (Population: 828): Village northeast of Calgary with a strong agricultural heritage
2. Crossfield (Population: 3,599): A growing municipality between Calgary and Airdrie
3. Diamond Valley (Population: 5,341): Foothills community combining the former towns of Black Diamond and Turner Valley
4. Irricana (Population: 1,179): Small town with rural character
5. Longview (Population: 297): Village near the Bar U Ranch National Historic Site

Looking Forward: Calgary's Future

As Calgary continues to evolve in the 21st century, the city is positioning itself as a leader in energy transition, technology innovation, and sustainable development. With major investments in quantum technology, aerospace, clean energy, and digital transformation, Calgary is building upon its energy sector foundation while diversifying into emerging industries.

The city's strategic location, educated workforce, entrepreneurial culture, and quality of life continue to attract talent and investment from around the world. Recent initiatives include the establishment of the Wave Tech Centre, partnerships with international quantum technology firms, and significant investments in aerospace innovation.

Calgary's combination of urban sophistication, natural beauty, cultural diversity, and economic opportunity ensures its continued role as one of Canada's most dynamic and influential cities. It serves not only as the heart of the energy sector but also as an emerging hub for technology and innovation in the 21st century.